If you are writing about literature, history, philosophy, art, or languages, your instructor will most likely ask for MLA style. It is the citation system of the humanities, and it is built around a simple idea: readers should be able to trace every quotation or paraphrase back to its source without effort. This guide walks you through the parts that matter most, with examples you can copy directly into your own essay.
MLA stands for the Modern Language Association. The current edition is the 9th. If your course materials mention an earlier edition, ask which one to follow, because small details change between versions.
Set up the page first
Before you write a word of analysis, fix the mechanics. A correct MLA page looks tidy and predictable:
- Font and spacing: a readable font such as Times New Roman, 12 point, double-spaced throughout — including the heading and Works Cited.
- Margins: one inch on all four sides.
- Header: your last name and the page number in the top right corner of every page (for example, Okafor 3).
- First page heading: in the top left, on separate lines, write your name, your instructor’s name, the course, and the date.
- Title: centred, in normal capitalisation — no bold, no underline, no quotation marks around your own title.
- Indentation: indent the first line of each paragraph half an inch.
There is no separate title page in standard MLA unless your instructor requests one. The four-line heading on the first page does that job.
In-text citations: the signal phrase
This is the heart of MLA. Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarise a source, you point to it briefly in the sentence and then give the full details on the Works Cited page. The in-text citation usually needs only the author’s last name and a page number — and no comma between them.
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A clean way to do this is the signal phrase, which names the author in your sentence so the parenthesis carries only the page:
Atwood argues that storytelling is “a negotiation with the dead” (172).
If you do not name the author in the sentence, put the name inside the parentheses:
One critic describes storytelling as “a negotiation with the dead” (Atwood 172).
A few common variations:
- No page number (a website, a film, a one-page source): use just the author — (Atwood).
- No named author: use a short version of the title in quotation marks — (“Reading Habits” 4).
- Two authors: (Lee and Park 88).
- Three or more authors: (Garcia et al. 12).
Notice that the closing punctuation of the sentence comes after the parenthesis, not before.
Build the Works Cited page
Every in-text citation must match one entry on a page titled Works Cited, which goes at the end of your essay. The page is alphabetised by the first word of each entry (usually the author’s last name), double-spaced, with a hanging indent — the first line sits at the margin and the following lines are indented half an inch.
MLA 9 uses a flexible template of “core elements.” You list whichever apply, in this order, separated by the punctuation shown:
Author. "Title of Source." Title of Container,
Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher,
Publication Date, Location.Here are three worked examples.
A book:
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. Vintage Books, 1979.
A chapter or essay in an edited collection:
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, U of Illinois P, 1988, pp. 271-313.
An article from an online journal:
Felski, Rita. “Suspicious Minds.” Poetics Today, vol. 32, no. 2, 2011, pp. 215-234.
Titles of long works (books, journals, films) are in italics; titles of shorter pieces (articles, chapters, poems) go in “quotation marks.”
A worked before-and-after
Students often write a sentence that quotes a source but leaves the reader guessing where it came from. Compare:
Before (no citation, vague):
Many scholars say that translation always loses something from the original.
After (MLA, traceable):
Translation, as Walter Benjamin observed, can never fully recover “the same thing” the original meant (76).
And the matching Works Cited entry:
Benjamin, Walter. “The Task of the Translator.” Illuminations, translated by Harry Zohn, Schocken Books, 1968, pp. 69-82.
The “after” version is stronger because the reader can find the exact source, the exact page, and judge the quotation in context. That traceability is the whole point of citation integrity.
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Common mistakes
Watch for these recurring errors when you proofread:
- A comma inside the parenthesis: write (Said 14), not (Said, 14).
- Adding “p.” before the page number in the in-text citation — MLA uses just the number, (Said 14), though “pp.” does appear in Works Cited ranges.
- Mismatched lists: an author cited in the text but missing from Works Cited, or vice versa. Every name must appear in both places.
- Forgetting the hanging indent on the Works Cited page.
- Italicising your own essay title or putting it in quotation marks. Your title is plain.
- Listing sources in the order you used them instead of alphabetically.
A quick final check
Before you submit, run through this short list:
- Last name and page number in the top-right header of every page.
- Four-line heading and a centred, plain title on page one.
- Every quote and paraphrase carries an in-text citation.
- Each in-text citation matches a Works Cited entry.
- Works Cited is alphabetised, double-spaced, and hanging-indented.
MLA rewards consistency more than memory. Keep one correct example beside you as a model, follow the same pattern for every source, and your humanities papers will read as carefully as they are argued.
Frequently asked questions
How do I set up the first page of an MLA paper?
Use a readable 12-point font, double-spaced, with one-inch margins. Put your last name and page number in the top-right header of every page. In the top left of page one, write your name, instructor, course, and date on separate lines, then center the title in plain text with no bold, underline, or quotation marks. Standard MLA has no separate title page.
How do I write an in-text citation in MLA format?
Give the author’s last name and the page number with no comma between them: (Atwood 172). If you name the author in the sentence, the parenthesis carries only the page: Atwood argues that storytelling is “a negotiation with the dead” (172). Do not add “p.” before the number, and place the sentence’s closing punctuation after the parenthesis.
How is the Works Cited page formatted in MLA?
Title it Works Cited, place it at the end, alphabetize entries by the author’s last name, double-space, and use a hanging indent where the first line sits at the margin and following lines indent half an inch. Book and journal titles go in italics; article and chapter titles go in quotation marks. Every entry must match an in-text citation and vice versa.